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Spatial dependence across provinces plays an important role in the formation of convergence clubs. The performance of geographical neighbors affects the probability of club membership through spillovers in capital accumulation and structural change.

Divergence in learning outcomes is increasing over time. Institutional and learning spillovers are decisive for whether an EU Member State is on a high or low human capital trajectory.

This paper evaluates social and economic convergence across 514 districts in Indonesia over the 2010-2018 period.

This article studies the evolution of per-capita income disparities and spatial dependence across 77 provinces of Thailand over the period 1995–2017.

This paper studies the evolution of economic and social disparities across subnational regions in South America using simple spatial convergence models.

We study sectoral productivity convergence in Japan through the input-output structure of the economy and its network representation.

This study evaluates the regional convergence hypothesis at the provincial level during the recent deindustrialization period 2001–2017 of Indonesia.

Through the lens of principal components, spatial dependence, and regionalization methods, the municipalities of Bolivia are endogenously classified according to their similarity in human capital constraints and geographical location.

Using a novel dataset, we analysis the spatio-temporal dynamics of income per capita across 34 provinces and 514 districts in Indonesia over the 2010–2017 period.

By applying a non-linear dynamic factor model, this article tests the club convergence hypothesis using a novel dataset of income at the district level. The results show significant five convergence clubs.